Jeffersonian vs. Jacksonian essays

Jeffersonian versus Jacksonian papers In my report Ill discussion a little about both the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian vote based sides and afterward Ill analyze the two. Sick beginning with the Jeffersonian view. At the point when political arrangements previously rose in George Washington's organization, contradicting groups were driven by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. In the fundamental contradiction over the nature and elements of government and of society, the Jeffersonian upheld a general public dependent on the little rancher; they restricted solid brought together government and were dubious of urban business interests. Their goals (restricted to those of the Federalist party) came to be known as Jeffersonian majority rules system, situated in huge part on confidence in the goodness and capacity of the regular man and the confinement of the forces of the national government. This gathering of enemies of Federalists, who called themselves Republicans or Democratic Republicans (the name was not fixed as D emocratic until 1828), bolstered huge numbers of the standards of the French Revolution and restricted close relations with Great Britain. Driven by Jefferson and his partner James Madison, the gathering hosted become an across the nation get-together by 1800, winning the help of Aaron Burr and George Clinton in New York, of Benjamin Rush and Albert Gallatin in Pennsylvania, and of most powerful government officials in the South. Jefferson became President in 1800 of every a political decision that has frequently been known as a defining moment in American history. With this political decision rose a partnership between Southern agrarians and Northern city occupants, a union that developed to be the ruling alliance of the gathering. With Madison and James Monroe succeeding Jefferson, the gathering's Virginia tradition held the administration until 1824. Presently well investigate the Jacksonian majority rules system. To his military of devotees, Andrew Jackson was the encapsulation of famous majority rule government. A really independent man of will and mental fortitude, he embodied for some residents the tremendous intensity of nature and Provi... <!

Mouth Cavity of Pig

Mouth Cavity Mouth: Opening into the oral pit. Where food enters the body. Biting and salivary chemicals in the mouth are the start of the stomach related procedure (separating the food). Teeth: Used to separate food by (biting) into littler particles. Tongue: is utilized to move food that is being bitten. Pharynx: tube-like structure that interfaces oral and nasal pits to the larynx; gives way to respiratory and stomach related tracts. Situated in the rear of the oral depression. Esophageal opening: The passageway to the throat (food tube) can likewise be found in the nasopharynx. Throat A strong cylinder. The section of food (through peristalsis) from the pharynx to the stomach. The throat is found dorsal to the trachea Nasopharynx opening: Passageway between the oralpharynx (throat) and the nasopharynx (nasal depression) Nasopharynx: The nasopharynx is situated over the piece of the pharynx that food enters. Found simply over the throat where food enters, the nasopharynx is associated with the center ear, and it's motivation is to even out ear pressure. What's more, to permit air entry? Hard sense of taste: hard structure that makes up the top of the mouth. This isolates the oral pit from the nasal cavity. Delicate sense of taste: The versatile overlay, at the back of the hard sense of taste that deters the nasal hole from the oral hole during gulping or sucking. Epiglottis : a cone-molded structure at the rear of the mouth. beefy fold the spreads the glottis (which prompts the trachea) to keep food and fluid from entering the trachea during gulping. Glottis: The opening between the vocal strings at the upper piece of the larynx.

Extracurricular Activity Essay Samples - How To Use These Sample Essays

Extracurricular Activity Essay Samples - How To Use These Sample EssaysAny college student would need extracurricular activity essay samples to help them with their class. These types of essay help the students to understand what type of writing they should do. Reading these types of essay samples will help the students develop their skills and get used to the writing and conceptualization. The students will also be able to manage the essay writing by structuring their paragraphs.The activities are usually related to one of the common topics. The topics may be about sport, the student should choose the topic that they think they are good at. They can try out different subjects to make the students understand the type of subjects they can write about.After choosing the activities the students can then start writing their essay. They need to find the right topic to fit in the title of the activity. The next step is to find a way to summarize the activity they have chosen. The summary s hould contain all the points they want to make during the activity.It is essential for the students to organize their essay. They need to find out the facts and opinions that the writer has gathered during the activity. The opinions should also be categorized and classified according to the writer's opinion. This will help the student to organize the information. It is also important for the students to structure their paragraphs properly.The students should make sure that they can organize their paragraphs properly so that they will not make the paragraph confusing. It is important for the students to add enough information to make their paragraphs coherent. The paragraphs should be able to deliver the information to the reader who is reading the essay.It is also important for the students to organize their writing so that they will not forget to add the information. The writer needs to put in the required information as the paragraph is ready. If the student knows the writer's nam e, it will be easier for them to find the needed information.The students should also look for extracurricular activities that the writer has participated in before. This will help the students to make a comparison between the writer's experience and the events he wrote about. This will help the students to distinguish the writer's expertise. This can also help the students avoid making their articles more similar to each other.Writing is a combination of all the activities that are involved in the course. There are the writing, reading, analyzing, and also organizing. This article provides a way for the students to know what they need to do. It is essential for the students to know what they need to do to make their writing appropriate and interesting.

Confrontations Between Young and Old in Shakespeares...

Confrontations Between Young and Old in King Lear One of the underlying themes in Shakespeares play, King Lear is the concept of the generation gap. This gap is mainly illustrated between the family. The older generation is Lear himself, and the younger generation consists of his daughters Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. In the second plot of the play, Gloucester represents the older generation, and his sons, Edmund and Edgar exemplifies the younger generation. Both younger generations can be divided into two distinct groups. Goneril, Regan and Edmund are the villains in both the plots and Edgar and Cordelia are the loyal, faithful children. This little twist adds to the effect of†¦show more content†¦An example of this is Oswalds attitude towards Lear after his daughter, Goneril told him to show discourtesy towards Lear. [Act 1 scene 4, Lines 75-80] O, you, sir, you! Come you hither, sir. Who am I, sir? My Ladys Father. My Ladys Father? My lords knave! You Whoreson dog! You Slave! You Cur! Another example of lost authority and power in this act is when Lears Fool offers Lear his Coxcomb (Jesters Cap) and tells him how foolish he was when he gave up his power to Goneril and Regan. Lears 100 Knights symbolize Lears power in his mind. When Lear is confronted by his daughter Goneril and is told by her that his men are too disruptive and are to be trimmed to half because she feels he does not need them. Lear is angered at Goneril for this because the Knights represents the remainder of his limited power. Regan then tells him in order to stay with her, he had to dismiss all but 25 knights because he did not have need for these men. He realizes his lost of authority and power and leaves to seek shelter in a storm. Lears knights represent power and authority in his eyes. Another example of authority and power is Kent being placed in the stocks in the middle of the court yard by Regan and Cornwall. Not onlyShow MoreRelated Shakespeares King Lear - Suffering of Cordelia in King Lear1507 Words   |  7 Pages The tragedy of Shakespeare’s King Lear is made far more tragic and painful by the presence and suffering of the kings youngest daughter, Cordelia. While our sympathy for the king is somewhat restrained by his brutal cruelty towards others, there is nothing to dampen our emotional response to Cordelias suffering. Nothing, that is, at first glance. Harley Granville-Barker justifies her irreconcilable fate thus: the tragic truth about life to the Shakespeare that wrote King Lear... includes itsRead MoreThe generation gap in King Lear by Shakespeare1624 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the underlying themes in Shakespeares play, King Lear is the concept of the generation gap. This gap is mainly illustrated between the family. The older generation is Lear himself, and the younger generation consists of his daughters Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. In the second plot of the play, Gloucester represents the older generation, and his sons, Edmund and Edgar exemplifies the younger generation. Both younger generations can be divided into two distinct groups. Goneril, Regan and EdmundRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 PagesJerion Young Ms. Woods English IV 4 March 2015 King Lear William Shakespeare uses several literary elements in his writing, elements which are especially apparent in his play, King Lear. Shakespeare uses excellent creativity and description when writing this tragedy. â€Å"Neither has Shakespeare placed in the mouth of any other character in this play such fatalistic expressions as may be found in King Lear and occasionally elsewhere†(A.C. 2003). The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil comparedRead MoreMacbeth9435 Words   |  38 Pageshave been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeare s play is April 1611, when  Simon Forman  recorded seeing such a play at the  Globe Theatre. It was first published in the  Folio of 1623, possibly from a  prompt book. It was most likely written during the reign of  James I, who had been James VI of Scotland before he succeeded to the English throne in 1603. James was a patron of Shake speare’s acting company,

Global Warming Is a Myth - 2326 Words

Edmund Contoski, Global Warming, Global Myth, Liberty, vol. 22, September 2008.  © Copyright 2008, Liberty Foundation. Reproduced by permission. In the last 1.6 million years there have been 63 alternations between warm and cold climates, and no indication that any of them were caused by changes in carbon dioxide levels. Edmund Contoski is a retired environmental consultant who now serves as a columnist for FORCES International Liberty News Network, an organization that advocates individual liberty unfettered by state-imposed restrictions. In the following viewpoint, Contoski asserts that global warming is scientifically unproven and that the facts reveal that the earth periodically experiences changing climates. He denies that†¦show more content†¦The overwhelming majority (97%) of carbon dioxide in the earth s atmosphere comes from nature, not from man. Volcanoes, swamps, rice paddies, fallen leaves, and even insects and bacteria produce carbon dioxide, as well as methane. According to the journalScience (Nov. 5, 1982), termites alone emit ten times more carbon dioxide than all the factories and automobiles in the world. Natural wetlands emit more greenhouse gases than all human activities combined. (If greenhouse warming is such a problem, why are we trying to save all the wetlands?) Geot hermal activity in Yellowstone National Park emits ten times the carbon dioxide of a midsized coal-burning power plant, and volcanoes emit hundreds of times more. In fact, our atmosphere s composition is primarily the result of volcanic activity. There are about 100 active volcanoes today, mostly in remote locations, and we re living in a period of relatively low volcanic activity. There have been times when volcanic activity was ten times greater than in modern times. But by far the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions is the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It produces 72% of the earth s emissions of carbon dioxide, and the rest of the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, and the other oceans also contribute. The human contribution is overshadowed by these far larger sources of carbon dioxide. Combining the factors of water vapor and nature s production of carbon dioxide, weShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming Is A Myth860 Words   |  4 PagesEarth. People continue to pollute the Earth with cars, trash, and waste. There are those who believe that Global Warming is a myth, while others know Global warming exists but don t care. According to U.S. EPA Global Climate Change conducted a study that the temperature increase is causing Greenhouse gases to increase around the world. All of these actions lead to one conclusion: Global Warming, the steady rise in the temperature of the earth s atmosphere, is causing problems all around the worldRead MoreEssay Global Warming is a Myth773 Words   |  4 Pagesto the Earth during global warming. Those who believe in global warming warn that it causes a significant rise in temperature in the Earths atmosphere and oceans, but after doing much research on the topic, I have discovered that the threat of global warming is a bogus one. If the Earths atmosphere was truly rising in temperature, we would see a significant rise in ice sheets melting, just like the ice cubes melted, but that is not occurring. In saying that global warming is occurring, scientistsRead MoreThe Global Warming Myth Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagescatastrophic warming trend caused by a runaway Gree nhouse Effect, the warming effect caused by certain gases (of which carbon dioxide is the most mentioned) which trap heat in the atmosphere. It’s always seemed a little fishy to me, though. The news would have us panic and hide in a storm cellar and stop breathing because we exhale carbon dioxide (CO2), but is that necessary? Is CO2 even really that bad? In this paper, I will first discuss the purported reasons behind â€Å"Anthropogenic Global Warming† (AGW)—warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change Myths950 Words   |  4 Pagescleared a lot of things up for me was reading and learning about Global Warming and climate change myths. One of the myths on the list that stood out to me was, â€Å"They changed the name from ‘Global Warming’ to ‘Climate Change’ † (Global Warming Climate Change Myths, 2016). According to the scientists, both terms actually mean two different things, and have both been used for decades, proving that myth to be false. Another big myth that seems to occupy the minds of a very large part of the world’sRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Myth, And At The Recent Summit1102 Words   |  5 PagesDespite scientific evidence that the Earth’s temperatures have risen by 0.8 degrees Celsius in the last century, many still believe that Global Warming is a myth, and at the recent summit in Copenhagen, world leaders could not agree on a solution. Does a solution require a united approach? Discuss. To say that a united approach to global warming is not required is just ridiculous. It is clear we are leaving a much greater carbon and greenhouse footprint on planet Earth than we should be. This essayRead MoreGlobal Warming Myth or Reality2034 Words   |  9 PagesRecently, global warming has become a big issue in the environmentally conscious society. It is often the topic of fiery debate amongst global politicians and is regularly featured in the tabloids. There are many arguments to prove the existence of global warming, but there are also many theories to disprove the existence. Confusion is caused through the ongoing debate of â€Å" Is earth going through a normal cycle?, Is earth going through Global warming ? or Is earth going through a Cold age?†. ThereRead MoreResearch Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming4031 Words   |  17 PagesResearch Paper on Climate Change: The Myth of Global Warming DEDICATION This Research Paper is lovingly dedicated to our respective parents who have been our constant source of inspiration. They have given us the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without their love and support this project would not have been made possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following group and individuals to the developmentRead MoreResearch Paper on Climate Change: the Myth of Global Warming4045 Words   |  17 PagesResearch Paper on Climate Change: The Myth of Global Warming DEDICATION This Research Paper is lovingly dedicated to our respective parents who have been our constant source of inspiration. They have given us the drive and discipline to tackle any task with enthusiasm and determination. Without their love and support this project would not have been made possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the contributions of the following group and individuals to the developmentRead MoreGlobal Warming - Truth or Myth: Two Sides to Every Story Essay2815 Words   |  12 PagesGlobal Warming–Truth or Myth: Two Sides to Every Story Summer 2010 Part I (Thesis): Global Warming: A Natural Occurrence There are always two sides to every story and every different point of view has a right to be heard. When it comes to the discussion of global warming—a gradual increase in the earth’s surface temperature—there are two very distinct and opposing points of view. The world seems to be split between global warming being caused by humans and it being a naturalRead MoreGo To This Website, Which Is Hosted By Skeptical Science.1046 Words   |  5 Pagescovers many of the myths about climate change. †¢ List two of the myths that you found most interesting. †¢Outline what each myth is, and what the right answer to that question or item is. Has your view on climate change evolved since before taking this course? Why or why not? Choose one the Review Questions from this week’s reading and answer it in full. Please tell me how the course is going for you so far? Is it hard, â€Å"just right†, or easy? 1. This link covers many of the myths about climate change

Employee Motivation Role in Modern Management - 600 Words

Employee Motivation: Role in Modern Management Surviving the existing competition and remaining profitable and relevant in the market is a challenge faced by every enterprise. In order to achieve this, different methodologies are available for use by different companies. One such avenue, which is probably the most productive, is the motivation of employees. Motivation refers to the creation of a friendly environment and provision of conditions that challenge the workforce to be better at their job. This ensures that the productivity is maximum, and the set goals and objectives are achieved with ease. In this accord, the role of employee motivation in the modern management cannot be overemphasized. Firstly, employee motivation leads to†¦show more content†¦Motivated employees feel obligated to make use of every resource they have for the right purpose. They ensure effective use of assets in a bid to achieve their set goals as well as meeting the firm’s goals and objectives. These resources could include time or company equipment. According to Hiam (2003), motivated employees tend to spend a longer period than may be required of them, in a firm, leading to increased productivity and lower cases of absenteeism or low turnover. A motivated workforce is compelled to ensure efficiency in the business and facilitate the realization of its goals and objectives (Lipman, 2013). Finally, employee motivation avails an organization a better chance of meeting the set goals and objectives. Motivated employees look for ways to enhance their performance at the workplace and, therefore, undertake personal development measures to improve their skills (Maddock Fulton, 1998). This is ideal for any firm since it ensures improved productivity, increased innovation and efficiency at work. These qualities in turn enable the business to achieve its set goals and objectives. Human performance and productivity greatly increase when motivated in any way (Muogbo, 2013). The ability of a firm to meet its set objectives lies on its management. In a bid to realize this, the management is obligated to develop policies and procedures that allows them attract new employees, motivateShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation: Role in Modern Management581 Words   |  2 PagesEmployee Motivation: Role in Modern Management Motivation as a word draws its authentic meaning from the Latin word ‘movere’ meaning to move. Motivation transitions us from a dull state to being enthusiastic and interested. As a positive and implicit force, motivation shapes the path of our behavior, energizes the behavior and elicits the normality to uphold it. The definition clearly points out that an individual must be passably energized and enthused and must be willing to patiently and enduringlyRead MoreEmployee Motivation: Role in Modern Management556 Words   |  2 PagesEmployee Motivation: Role in Modern Management Modern management aims at using and manipulating mathematical models to better understand the inter-relationship between employees and the employers in all aspects (Certo Certo, 2013). The primary goal of modern management theories is to ensure the interrelationship between these factors is maximised for the benefit of the organisation. Motivation, from a general perspective, is the intrinsic drive that leads a person to take a certain course of actionRead MoreThe Importance Of Management At A Great Manager1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Management Management is very important to any organization. There are many different types, levels, and styles of management. Organizational goals are created and achieved through management. As defined by Robbins, De Cenzo, and Coulter (2015), management is â€Å"the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, through and with other people† (p. 8). There are four functions managers perform in order to effectively and efficiently achieve goals. The four functionsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Its Importance1517 Words   |  7 PagesEffective human resource management has become a key organizational development and success. In 1991, the United States, IBM and Tower Perrin consulting firm jointly nearly 3,000 senior human resources manager and chief executive officer (CEO) were investigated. As a result, 70% of the human resource management as organizational success the key, more than 90 percent expect to HR 2000 will be an important sector enterprises. In t he field of management, human resources management has become an importantRead MoreOutsourcing : Human Resource Activities1299 Words   |  6 PagesOutsourcing: This explains that in modern-day organizations there has been need to outsource some human resource activities to some other organizations to carry out. Citing Powell (Snell 1999) states that given pressures for management to be both efficiency and flexibility, firms are exploring the use of different employment modes to allocate tasks. (Snell 1999) further states that apart from having to use internal full-time employees, organizations today are increasingly depending on external workersRead MoreThe Challenges Of Leadership During The Modern World1412 Words   |  6 PagesBennis, W. (2007). The challenges of leadership in the modern world: introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 62(1), 2-5 This article covers a survey of contemporary trends in leadership. The aim of the author is to develop an understanding of the various challenges that contemporary leaders face so as to come up with effective theoretical models to resolve those challenges. Among the major challenges of leadership, Bennis notes that leadership of human institution is one. The articleRead MoreMotivation in Modern ICT Industry Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation in modern ICT industry Motivation is the psychological background of an individual, which will build up his ego, determining whether that individual will be productive or hard-working at the place of work. In the case of the ICT industry, studies are constantly being done regarding what makes up the general employee in the industry, and which characteristics can be exploited. In this short report, a few models that have been studied, and how they work within a software-based company,Read MoreThe Inner Drive of Motivation984 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation is simply means an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. To relate Organization and Human Resource, motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. There are three key elements of motivation, which are intensity, direction, and persistence. Intensity is refers to how hard a person tries on something. Direction is the orientation, path or g uideline that benefits the organizationRead MoreFunctions, Roles, And Activities Of Managers881 Words   |  4 PagesExplain the functions, roles, and activities of managers. Research two companies within the last 3-years, not described in the book, and discuss what managerial characteristics were essential to lead change. Controlling, coordinating, staffing, and planning are the key functions that managers play in an organization (Lussier, 2012). Managers control and coordinate resources to achieve set goals and objectives. They are involved in both the formulation and implementation of strategies in the organizationRead MoreArgument of Hr1723 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the important position in the development of a enterprise. In modern times, HR has been promoted to a high degree of enterprise development strategies and plays more and more important roles in the development of enterprises. In the modern business management, HR is the core position. It is important for a wise leader to consider HR as the main part and power of the management. Because of the important role of HR, the human resources managers are demanded to have professional skills

Cloning Essay Research Paper Clones Clones Cloning free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Ringers Ringers Cloning, the procedure of making a transcript of a works or animate being that is genetically indistinguishable to the original through nonsexual agencies, has sparked some interesting moral and ethical argument. For old ages, cloning has been used to bring forth a greater figure of a specific type of works, such as the Macintosh apple trees, which have all been derived from individual mutated works. Now, nevertheless, upon the find of a method to ringer animate beings, even worlds, people are get downing to go cognizant of the benefits and effects of cloning, every bit good as the moralss involved. Cloning has had a reasonably long history. In 1952, the first successful cloning experiment took topographic point. Scientists Robert Briggs and Thomas King successfully removed the karyon from a toad egg and replaced it with the karyon of an uniform cell from another toad. The egg, so placed in a alimentary solution, finally developed into a healthy polliwog. In 1962, ten old ages subsequently, a similar experiment took a differentiated intestinal cell and allowed the polliwog created to develop into a healthy, fertile frog. Later, in 1981, a scientist from Cambridge University so combined two embryos, one of a sheep and the other of a caprine animal, doing the first? mosaic? carnal of all time unnaturally created? the? geep, ? with the organic structure of a caprine animal covered with spots of sheep? s wool. Then 1984, the first cloned mammals were produced from embryologic karyon transplanted into unfertilised sheep eggs. Soon after, cloned calves and coneies, both from embryologic karyon, and merely late, the first mammal cloned from a to the full differentiated grownup sheep cell was created. The procedure of cloning an animate being, particularly a mammal, is non an easy one. In fact, there are multiple ways to travel about carry throughing the undertaking, depending on the beginning of the Deoxyribonucleic acid used for cloning. If a differentiated cell, one that has certain cistrons expressed or unsaid, is used, certain cistrons must foremost be forced to? turn on? in order for the cell to split and so its offspring to distinguish once more. In both instances, whether utilizing a differentiated or undifferentiated cell as the original, the karyon must be isolated and extracted from the cell and so placed into an embryologic cell from which the karyon has been removed. Then, that cell must be forced to get down to split without fertilisation. At this clip, there is no better manner to carry through the undertaking than a steady manus, a batch of enzymes, and a unnoticeably bantam pipette, yet what procedure will be developed in the hereafter is still unknown. Still, it is non the process that causes ethical argument, but alternatively the utilizations of this comparatively new biotechnology. Some believe these utilizations outweigh any kind of moral restraints, yet others are shocked and even horrified by them. And such changing types of applications for cloning frequently cause many changing sentiments every bit good. Cloning can theoretically be used for the mass production of medicines, by redacting the cistrons of cloned animate beings, coercing them to bring forth these medicines in their milk, thereby increasing the handiness and diminishing the cost of such drugs. Couples who wish to hold kids but for some ground have trouble making so can do multiple transcripts of a adult female? s egg which can so be fertilized unnaturally, through in vitro fertilisation, increasing the possibility of fertilising an egg which may come seldom from about 10 % to approximately 50 % . In another instance, a adult females who is at a high hazard of g oing unfertile through chemotherapy or the similar may be able to hold an embryo cloned for future usage. Or, since researches have developed trials for testing for familial diseases? trials which frequently kill the embryo, embryos can be cloned to extinguish the hazard of damaging such cells in the procedure. On another extreme, nevertheless, are the thoughts of organic structure farming. Cloning could theoretically be used to make a extra of a individual, taking its higher encephalon maps early in development, so that the ringer can be used to supply critical variety meats in instance the individual amendss one. In this manner, there would be no danger of rejection either, since the organic structure portion would be indistinguishable in familial make up to the damaged 1. Even more utmost are some other thoughts. Entire populations could be created through cloning, insulating specific desirable traits, thereby making the ultimate in unreal choice. In add-on, full ground forcess, genetically indistinguishable, could be created at will, and even ringers of long dead personalities of the likes of Hitler and Einstein could be created. Or how about replacing a lost household member with a ringer? Or choosing the kid you want from a catalog of embryos available to be cloned? While these though ts may look far fetched, certain events already happening lead one to believe that such things could really go on? take for illustration the male parent who had a vasectomy reversed to infuse the female parent, a 39 twelvemonth old adult female, in order to bring forth a kid for the exclusive intent of making a giver of bone marrow the ailment foremost kid. While some of these possibilities may look extreme or wholly plausible, everyone seems to hold a different sentiment. While increasing the opportunities of unreal fertilisation may look like a good thought to some, others worry about what will go on to go forth over embryos, still transporting the possibility of life, when the parents die or when the familial showing or in vitro fertilisation is complete. No 1 yet knows the reply, for a commission discoursing these concerns has yet to be formed. And while the handiness of excess variety meats may be utile in shortening the organ-donor waiting lists, some believe that making a encephalon dead category of worlds used merely to supply organic structure parts is no better than bondage or the suppression of a people. In add-on, the production of societies based on ringers frightens people afraid of losing their individualism. At the same clip, it has besides been argued that the best progresss come from a fluctuation of people and thought s? the theory that assortment causes alteration. And, the thought of replacing a household member with a ringer seems merely morally unethical to some. No affair what a individual? s position, anyone can be certain that society, faith, and upbringing drama a definite function in the determination. Positions on abortion and when life begins, for case, can hold an consequence on the importance of an embryo. And, with so many different possibilities for the usage of cloning, it is no admiration that a gradient exists between those wholly against cloning and those wholly for it. To exemplify this, a survey done of 500 grownup Americans, taken by TIME/CNN showed some interesting consequences ( see attached file ) . It is hard excessively to make up ones mind on a legal policy regulating cloning experiments because of this ground and because of the multiple authorities bureaus that could possible by involved in such a determination. In all, it is a confusing argument which seems to hold no replies, for now keeping back a mature country of scientific find. It will be interesting to see what eventually does develop of this issue. Mentions Cimons, Marlene. ? Human Embryo Research Poses Ethics Dilemma. ? Los Angeles Times. 25 Sept. 1994: A1+ . ? Clone. ? Encyclopedia Britannica Microp? Defense Intelligence Agency, 1985 erectile dysfunction. Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. ? Cloning: Where Do We Pull the Line? ? Time 8 Nov. 1993: 64-70. Lawren, Bill. ? Bionic Body Building. ? Longevity Jan. 1991: 22-27. Weiss, Rick. ? The Ethics of Cloning: Who Decides? ? Washington Post. 16 Nov. 1993: 12+ .

Consumerism is Beneficial to U.S Society

buy custom Personalized Medicine †a Window to a Better Medical Future essay

buy custom Personalized Medicine – a Window to a Better Medical Future essay The medical world has been a domain that has always strived to reach perfection but never managed to. Over the past centuries, medical experts have struggled to research and discover ways in which they could improve the medical approach of different diseases. All this time, the numerous studies have been based on studies of big cohorts, the purpose of which was to determine which medical models were best and which were better off forgotten. Recently, the medical experts believe that they have struck gold when it comes to diagnosing and treating diseases. For some time now, they have toggled with the idea of personalized medicine which is a medical model that concerns with the high customization of the healthcare process. In a famous medical magazine called Vanderbilt Medicine, Bill Snyder has conducted a prolonged research on the subject of personalized medicine and how it will affect the medical approach of the future. According to Snyder, the entire concept of personalized medicine was thought to be unreal, mainly because the fact that every patient could have a customized medical treatment was very improbable. Furthermore, Snyder has interviewed Dan Roden, the assistant vice chancellor for the entire project of personalized medicine. In the experts opinion, personalized medicine is no longer an unreachable matter, but rather something of mundane importance. (Snyer) The article also includes details on the method that personalized medicine is based on. Genetic engineering is the main technique used to create the perfect customized treatment. However, this is not everything there is to it. According to Jeff Balser, the vice chancellor for Health Affairs, personalized medicine isnt just DNA sequencing and knowing what drug to give people. (Snyder) Balser thinks that it takes more than gene sequencing to prescribe the right drugs and dosages, but also the patients personal details. Nonetheless, the entire concept of personalized medicine is centered on the study of the patients genome in order to determine the affected genes and try to treat them with the appropriate dosage of the correct drug. There are multiple medical areas where personalized medicine is proving itself to be of vital importance. Amongst these uses, the most important are definitely the study of the cancerous cells and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are numerous types of tumors that have been studied with implications of personalized medicine, and one of them is prostate cancer. A team of medical experts have worked together to publish a report on the importance of personalized medicine in the surveillance of prostate cancer. According to authors Paolo Gandellini and coauthors Marco Folini and NNadia Zaffaroni, the genetic study upon the microRNAs in the tumor cells is relevant for the efficient treatment of the condition. As it turns out, managing to determine the mutations of the microRNAs and combining those with the results of the biomarkers test have considerably improved the manner in which prostate cancer is treated. (Gandellini) As for the cardiovascular diseases, the study of the genetic variation is valorous because it has managed to prove the etiology of certain conditions such as aortic dissection, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Two specialists in the cardiovascular disease field have conducted a study regarding the development of personalized medicine in patients with diseases of the heart and arteries. According to them, the heritability is a very important risk factor and it can be determined using genetic techniques. Moreover, the studies have discovered that there are rare genetic mutations in most of the patients genomes, which led to a more precise diagnosis and treatment. (ODonnell, Nabel) All in all, the prospect of personalized medicine is extremely promising. This is because by studying the genome of the human at a microscopic level, specialists can discover effective manners in which they can diagnose and treat certain diseases. This is however a method in research, as its actual potential is yet to be discovered. Buy custom Personalized Medicine – a Window to a Better Medical Future essay

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories Essay

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Economic Theories - Essay Example Most of the theories in economics today are based on the ideas of Smith as well as Marx and Keynes. These individuals have different ideas on how the economy works and the best economic system that would ensure the good of all people in the society. They also differ on the role the government is supposed to take to drive the economy to prosperity. All these differences are prompted by the views held by different theorists regarding human nature and this will be the subject of our discussion in the next section but emphasis on the role of human nature in economic theories of Smith and Marx. Adam Smith (1723-1790) As stated earlier, Smith is regarded as the father of modern economics and capitalism. According to him, human beings are social and as such they have a tendency to care for each other. They are also driven by self-interest but this does not deter them from empathizing with and help each other (Skousen, 11). This is the basis of his economic theory written in his book An inqu iry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations or what is commonly referred as Wealth of Nations in 1776 (Das Kapital). This brought about industrial revolution and emergence of capitalism as the dominant mode of production (Hall). The capitalist economy is based on the mechanism of free markets whereby Smith believed that individuals driven by self-interest and not infringing on the rights of others can in the process benefit the whole society (Hall). The market is driven by the ‘invisible hand’ whereby producers produce goods and services and take to market where they meet buyers who are in need of such goods for consumption. In this case, the buyer and seller only meet when exchanging products and do not negotiate on the quantity to be produced or bought (Skousen, 10). Individuals are assumed to self-regulate themselves in this economy and as such there is no need for government intervention unless to provide public goods such as infrastructure and make sure people adhere to contracts. There is thus free movement of labour, capital and goods (11). Smith’s economic theory is also based on economic independence. Natural liberty according to smith is a fundamental human right thus individuals are given freedom to do what they want (Hall). They produce what they want, at a price they want but the principle of justice must be withheld, that is, there is freedom of production and exchange. As such, all the actors in the economy (workers, landlords and capitalists) work in harmony; there is no conflict of interest (Skousen, 27). In such case, Smith assumes that human beings are honest, just according to societal rules. They can therefore, pursues self-interest without offending or ignoring the needs of others but for the benefit of all. Smith did not envision greed and egotism in human nature. Furthermore, capitalists have to consider the interests of consumers if they want to make profit. Human beings are competitive in nature. This a ccording to Smith was not a negative thing but affected the economy positively, that is, is led to economic growth (Hall). Man should therefore â€Å"bring his industriousness and capital into competition with those of others to create harmony† (Skousen, 27). Competition leads to determination of prices in the market thus the market is always in the equilibrium. The producer is able to get profit for his produce and the consumer benefits from low prices as well as improved quality (to lower prices, manufacturers improve technology thus produce quality goods at low cost). As such economic prosperity is achieved through economic independence. Karl Marx (1818-1883) Smith and Marx had very different views regarding human nature and as such

Race and Whiteness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Race and Whiteness - Essay Example From the discusses it is clear that a concept of whiteness is based on custom and tradition, but it greatly undermines social and scientific principles of race. Racism is a representation of a historical evolution and there is a great degree of the inferiority of an â€Å"other† â€Å"race†. Racial practices are usually degrading and representatives of ethnic minorities are afflicted by negative practices of racism. There are many factors influencing deepening of discrimination practices, such as customs, traditions, social and political factors and even law. Racism by intent in the run of time transformed different cultures and social practices and underlined the superiority of white ethnic groups. This paper stresses that the social construct of race and whiteness are considered in relation to Brazilians and Asian Americans. From the very beginning, Brazilians differed from native inhabitants by skin color and were often referred to as browns or blacks. Race classification on the basis of the skin color differed greatly from color of race. Starting from 2000 in Brazil there was a lot of complaints concerning discard of color of skin and there was a need to introduce numerous social and political changes in order to constrict social gap between native inhabitants and ethnic minorities. There are evident controversies between â€Å"ideological† and â€Å"scientific" positions and representations of race.

Restaurant - Eating Essay Example for Free

Restaurant Eating Essay One of my favorite restaurants is Olive Garden. Without going to Italy to taste their traditional food just come in to Olive Garden and experience the Italian food. They offer wide varieties of Italians food. While the restaurants are similar in the type of food they prepare the difference in their atmosphere, menu and services will assist the customers in making the big decision on which one they like to satisfy their appetite. Olive Garden is the perfect place for a meal if you’re looking for both exquisite and casual dining. The atmosphere is very comforting and the mood is relaxed with the dà ©cor being contemporary but restrained. The tables are in a good distance apart so the diners are given their privacy, but at the same time do not feel isolated from others. When my first time walked in their restaurant, I said to my self that this is a place that I can bring my family to enjoy our dinner together. Even though, I have to spend time waiting to get the table, but it is worth to wait. While the atmosphere is a place to go so do their services. The staffs are friendly, welcoming and efficient. They are always willing to go to lengths to help make your dining experience as memorable as possible. My family and I were very new to the restaurant; the waitress came make us feel like home. She took us to the table and asked to order the drink. She greed us and told us that she will be your table service for tonight. The service was very knowledgeable of the menu and was very polite while taking order. Olive Garden offers wide varieties of Italian food. You can order from an exclusive range of starters, main courses and desserts. The dishes are quite reasonable price range from $10 to $25 including entrà ©e and dessert. I was order Chicken Alfredo which is my favorite. While we were waiting for our main course the entrà ©e came with the salad and breadsticks and also the wine are exclusively sold only at Olive Garden for their customer to taste; then our order came in a short time after. While we were eating the waitress came asked for drink refill or how did we enjoy the food. We were really enjoying our dinner at Olive Garden where we can enjoy good food, a place where we can relax and the staffs treat us as family. We brought friend and family their many time after and everything is treating us the same way even better. This is our favorite Italian restaurant of all time.

Legalizing Marijuana Will Decreased Crime Essay -- legalization of cann

Marijuana is the cause of much commotion and debating, as the question of legalization becomes more of an issue. Drugs are a major influential force in countries all over the world today. Legalization is an option that has not had a chance, but really should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of drug use, legalization would benefit for the following reasons: 1)reduction of money spent on law enforcement 2)increase in the countries revenue 3)lessen crime 4)useful in treating certain medical conditions. Many feel today we are loosing the war on drugs. People consider legalization unnecessary. They feel that it will increase the amount of drug use throughout the world. They state that in many cases, drug users who have quit quit because of trouble with the law. Legalization would eliminate the legal forces that discourage the users from using or selling drugs. They also say that by making drugs legal, the people who have never tried drugs for fear of getting caught by the law will have no reason to be afraid anymore and will become users (Potter 1998). However, legalization will be profitable to global economies in two ways. It will allow for money spent on drug law enforcement to be spent more wisely and will increase revenue. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation. Every year in the United States, ten billion dollars are spent on enforcing drug laws alone. Drug violators accounted for about forty percent of all criminals in federal prisons (Rosenthal 1996). In 1989, a Republican county executive of Mercer County, N.J., estimated that it would cost approximately one   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   billion dollars to build the jail space required to house all the drug users in Trenton alone (Roffman 1982). All of this money could be spent on things of greater importance. Not only has the drug problem increased, but the drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer worldwide. Some are born addicts (crack babies), while others develop addictions later in life. Drug violators are a major cause of extreme overcrowding in US prisons. In 1992, 59,000 inmates were added to make a record setting 833,600 inmates nationwide (Rosenthal 1996). A high percentage of these prisoners were serving time because of drug related incid... ... decided that it is a valid and necessary solution to our countries drug problem. By implementing such a program the American population can use its money and resources to combat the problem through the legal system. Legalization will decrease violent crime associated with drug dealers, it will decrease the number of users and will lower the wasteful cost which is connected with the current system. Such legalization will not destroy our youth in any way and will only be accessible to adults in the country. If we continue with our current system we will never solve the problem. Drug dealers and addicts will crown our prisons and plague our streets. Bibliography 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Friedman, Milton. â€Å"Prohibition and Drugs.† Newsweek. 1972 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Potter, Beverly The Healing Magic of Cannabis Ronin Publishing’s, Inc. CA 1998 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Randell, Robert C The Patients Fight for Medicinal Pot Thunders Mouth Press, NY 1998 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roffman, Roger A Marijuana as Medicine Madrona Publishers, Inc., WA 1982 5) Rosenthal, Ed Why Marijuana Should be Legal Thunders Mouth Press, NY 1996

The mistress and harp of burma

In Japanese Literature, stories have often depicted what greatly influenced the prevalent period of common life and social sentiment. In the two books written by Japanese authors in two separate periods of Japan’s history, a transition is clearly seen through literature often expressed in superb storytelling. In Ogai Mori’s â€Å"The Wild Geese†, human struggle is greatly influenced by tales of love in the midst of Japan’s industrialization boom. Writers depict and assimilate the concepts of free-thinking which brought romance and human emotion to the limelight. The familiarity of the reforms established during the period for which Ogai’s novel was actually written apparently brought forward the chance to openly discuss Japan’s so-called evil customs and traditions in a bid to strengthen the imperial rule. Okada, as one of the main characters clearly narrated how he felt that a woman should be only a beautiful object, something loveable, a being who keeps her beauty and loneliness no matter what the situation she is in (Ogai, 20). In the same page, Okada added that this sentiment is brought about under the influence of habitual reading of old Chinese love stories. There is therefore a clear view in principle that establishes a need to disregard culture and ideas that wrongly adapted the old Oriental ways which often restricted free-thinkers to intellectually prosper. In Toyoda’s movie, â€Å"The Mistress†, adapted from Mori Ogai’s The Wild Geese, oriental values was the main discussion with aims to expose the ancient cultural standards that stand in the way of personal freedom. In Otama we see the oppressed and marginalized people driven and deceived without any hope of being uplifted from the moral and restrictive bounds that society places upon them. The simplistic adventure of romance in a plot heightens into limelight the realities of life and the prevailing social views of the middle class which somehow voices out a need for reform in the Meiji Restoration period. Several decades later after Japan was able to stand on its own two feet, Japan experienced a wartime defeat that brought home sad stories of soldiers taken as prisoners of war. Takayama’s â€Å"Harp of Burma† showed pacifism as the main aim of both novel and on film. â€Å"We have to be ready for hardship, for all we know, we may die here in Burma. If that time comes, let us die together†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , (Takeyama, 33). Such poignant words relay veiled patriotism whose desire for peace in an armistice agreement with their British captors aims to relay the evils of war. Written during a period where wartime horrors still stayed afresh in the minds of the Japanese people, there was not an ounce of blame or an aim to proclaim the evils of their captors. Its sincere inward idea was just to dwell on the problems the war brought to everyone involved. In retrospect, The Harp of Burma establishes a deeper humanistic connection to modern day events where peace is the common desire of mankind. The movie through cinematic effect exceeds sensory reflection that somehow created a link to present day situations around the world where wars and battles are fought. Although Ogai’s novel discussed social issues on a road to recovery, the pressing need for peace exceeds in meaning and connection through the Harp of Burma that was successfully portrayed in film. Seeing the ravages of war makes a good reflection how one favors such madness that resulted in tragedy and death. As an anti-war film, it even exceeded the points portrayed in its novel where suffering is presented as a result of too much desire. As a challenge to survival, the movie â€Å"Fires on the Plain† declares a clearly made manifestation of human woes compared to the movie of the same title, â€Å"The Burmese Harp†. Both movies however adapted Takeyama’s novel The Harp of Burma that depicted a deep sense of longing for the fatherland while emphasizing compassion in the midst of survival and atrocities. As a human interest film, â€Å"Fires on the Plain† arouses a relative connection through artistic performance of reality in full color for young viewers to understand how wars wreak and break even the strongest heart. Works Cited Mori, Ogai trans. Ociai, Kingo and Goldstein, Sanford (1959). The Wild Geese. Boston: Tuttle Publishing Takeyama, Michio trans., Howard Hibbett ( 1966). Harp of Burma. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.      

The history and development of business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2331 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Business history, in the broadest sense of the world includes everything regarding the past of business, from the individual histories of firms up to the entire business process systems. The scope and boundaries of such has continued to be a subject of intense debates. However, business histories research insights into the nature and origins of innovations and wealth of nations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The history and development of business" essay for you Create order As a result of the researches, there have been understandings on the roles of business histories and development when it comes to business success. By nature, business history is an interdisciplinary subject. First and foremost, businesses are economic units that make such decisions as how much of a good to produce, how to make it, and what to change for it, their behavior is nothing if not the subject of the economic theory. At the same time, however, businesses are organizations of people whose choices are affected by the social and cultural environment in which they live and work. Hence, understanding how businesses operated in the past and why they have succeed or failed, is inevitably an interpretive activity that requires the tools and sensitivity of scholars of history as well. This paper should discuss the extent of the impact of understanding the business history and development in terms of the success of business. This shall provide situational examples so that the p oints of discussion can be discussed accordingly. History of Business Strategies The concept of strategy can be traced back during the military campaigns. The results of which, whether good or bad, were the products of the ideas of a strategists. The first recorded writing about strategic thinking was authored by Greeks and Romans (Shimizu, Carvalho, and Laurindo 2006). The oldest text that discusses the matter is â€Å"The Art of War† by the Chinese writer Sun Tzu in the fourth century B.C. this book reached the West during the 18th century and was well disseminated during the 20th century. Various authors have published books regarding the concept. The most influential of all are Karl von Clausewitz, a Prussian general, and Antoine-Henri de Jomini, a French-Swiss general. Von Clausewitz works contribute in the understanding the relationship between theory and practice and envisions war as a dynamic process. According to him strategic theory should have a descriptive nature rather than prescriptive. An example of this is that there is no exact recipe in being successful; instead learning from outside experiences is possible. On the other hand, Jominis principles in strategy emphasized that there are scientific principles in military strategy. These principles should not only be prescribed, but should be followed. This was considered now as the prescriptive approach. Jomini considered that these strategic principles are always valid and are independent of a situations or the technology employed. These two contradicting approaches have contributed in the strategies of the business world. Von Clausewitz use of analogy especially in taking cases is frequently being used in the study of business. These two authors have great influence in the strategic theory. Michael Porter formulated the generic strategies in the 1980s. It outlines three main strategic options open to organizations that aims to achieve a competitive advantage. Each of options is considered within the context of the competitive environment. The three generi c strategies are cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Cost Leadership: In a low cost organization, factories are built and maintained. Labor force are recruited and trained in delivering the lowest cost of production. Cost advantage is the main focus. In every element of the value chain, costs are being shaved off. Low costs do not always mean low prices. Example of this strategy is practiced by Toyota. Differentiation: This strategy satisfies the needs of customers through a sustainable advantage of competition. Companies are allowed to desensitize prices and focus on value providing a better market margin and a comparatively higher price. The advantage of this strategy is that allows organizations to segment its markets so that it can target specific segments. British Airways practice this kind of strategy. Focus on Niche Strategy: This strategy is suitable when an organization can afford neither a wide scope of cost leadership nor a wide scope of differentiation s trategy. In this strategy, the organization is focused in the effort and resources on a very narrow and segmented market. Telecommunications companies often use this kind of strategy. Technologys Recent Development and Globalization Thomas Friedmans book entitled â€Å"The World is Flat† is a metaphor of the world in terms of its leverage in commerce and competition, just like in a playing field wherein everyone has an equal opportunity. In this book, he analyzed globalizations progress, giving emphasis on the 21st century. Friedman views globalization as a change in the economic core in the sense that it leveled in the competitive playing fields between the industrial countries and those with emerging markets. There are a lot of globalization books available and this book by Friedman managed to entertain, inform and sometimes annoy its readers. The author was able to travel all points, however, he emphasized on two nations that will be the worlds future giants, India and China. The details and the research that he used are very intriguing especially the data from the call center workers in India. The writer made presented this book since it discusses about technology which is very important in th e evolution of business history as well as its significant impact for the success of the business. A Case Study A case study was conducted by Sahai regarding the evolution and history of the Acer Company. It is shown that Acer had carefully articulated its strategy from the very beginning of its formation in all of its decisions organizational structure, people management, policy decisions, business strategies, etc. that was quite revolutionary in the Asian world. Acer has used innovative management techniques for its operations, human resources management, and diversification and channel strategies. It has been able to allow (almost) complete decision making power to its business units while still leveraging the competencies from these individual autonomous units by promoting a management style which promotes individual growth innovative operations management using the concepts from JIT building a â€Å"client server† organization which enables open communication and knowledge transfer wisely choosing its partners in successful companies like IBM in US and SNI in Europe. These str ategies have led the company to the stage where it is now faced with the Asian crisis and the growing international competition. Additionally, with the introduction of the internet, the division of labor and capital has disappeared. In other words, the competitive advantage of Acer is gradually going away. Partnership and new product strategies based on internet technologies seem to provide the solution. It has to adapt to the changing world and develop new set of policies. Developing corporate strategies is a phenomenon similar to learning from other species in the animal kingdom, and the five REM provide a basis for developing winning corporate policies. Relationship Marketing Certain organizational changes have facilitated the growth of relationship marketing. Amongst these the most significant is the role definition of the members of the organization. Through a variety of changes in organizational processes, companies are now directly involving users of products and services in the purchase and acquisition decisions of the company. For a considerable time, these functions were managed by the procurement department as a specialized function, with little or no input from the actual users of these products and services. Thus the separation that existed between the producer and the user due to the existence of user middlemen, acting as gatekeepers, is potentially bridged in many cases. Wherever such changes are being made, direct interaction and cooperative relationship between producers and users develop. Finally, in the post-industrialization period the increase in competitive intensity is forcing marketers to be concerned with customer retention. As several studies have indicated, retaining customers is less expensive and perhaps a more sustainable competitive advantage than acquiring new customers. Marketers are realizing that it costs less to retain customers than to compete for new ones (Rosenberg Czepiel 1984). On the supply side it pays more to develop closer relationships with a few suppliers than to develop more vendors (Hayes, Wheelwright and Clark 1988; Spekman 1988). In addition, several marketers are also concerned with keeping customers for life, rather than merely making a one-time sale (Cannie and Caplin 1991). In summary, relationship-orientation in marketing has staged a comeback. It was only during the peak of industrialization that marketings orientation shifted toward a transactional approach. With the advent of middlemen, and the separation of producers and users, there was a greater transactions orientation. Industrialization led to a reversal in the relationship between supply and demand, when due to m ass production efforts producers created excess supply of goods and services and were them selves preoccupied with achieving production efficiencies. Thus, they needed middlemen to service the customer. The middlemen in turn, adopted a transactional approach as they were more interested in the economic benefits of exchange than the value of production and/or consumption. Although efficiencies in product distribution were achieved through middlemen, effectiveness was not always accomplished as was evident from the literature on channel conflict. Although the exchange paradigm has been very useful in the development of marketing theory, it has outlived its utility. Born out of the transactions focus, the exchange paradigm serves a useful purpose in explaining value distribution among marketing actors. In the industrial era, where only manufacturers created value through their developmental and production activities, and middlemen shared the risk of ownership and provided the time a nd place utility, exchange paradigm was a useful way to study value distribution among these marketing actors. Consumers derived a surplus and utility from this exchange, but they could not contribute as much in value creation. However, where consumers are involved in co-production and have interdependent relationships with producers, the concern for value creation is paramount. For example, in home building, buyers get involved and emotionally attached with the home building process seeking to create value for them. The nature of interactions between the builder and the home buyer is not related to the exchange as much as it to create a dream home for the buyer. Exchange paradigm may explain the transaction in an existing home sale where value distribution is being undertaken, however, in the home building case or other situations where consumers are directly involved as co-producers, co-designers or co-marketers, there is a need for an alternative paradigm of marketing. Conclusion By nature, business history is an interdisciplinary subject. First and foremost, businesses are economic units that make such decisions as how much of a good to produce, how to make it, and what to change for it, their behavior is nothing if not the subject of the economic theory. At the same time, however, businesses are organizations of people whose choices are affected by the social and cultural environment in which they live and work. Hence, understanding how businesses operated in the past and why they have succeed or failed, is inevitably an interpretive activity that requires the tools and sensitivity of scholars of history as well. It is true that historical knowledge has sometimes been reduced to studying the facts without contextualization, without paying attention to their vital environment, to the political, cultural or social context of an era. We must not fall into this trap. Fortunately, ours is a young discipline, and this means that we are free of the paralyzin g perspectives and lifeless dissections which sometimes dog the study of history. According to classical authors, the first role of history is to teach us about life. It shows us how to avoid stumbling over the same stone again and again. It tells us, for example, who the main actors were in the most important events, and why they acted as they did. It informs us about moments of crisis and how people responded to them. It reports the most noteworthy successes. And it offers the upcoming generations a new way of working. History contributes so much, and so it should be cultivated, because it helps to keep alive the true identity of our profession. The main problem is the sources. We cannot know what no one has taken the trouble to preserve. This is why it is so important to read the books written by the great figures of business development. But it is also vital to complete the picture by reading other points of view. We have to consult state archives, specialized journals, do cuments from businesses and bibliographical sources. It is not enough to collect the great masterpieces written by leading figures. It is just as important to take note of everyday matters, because it is this, in the long run, which will enable us to delineate more accurately the distinctive features of our profession. In this sense, there are some historical sources which are of primary importance: internal bulletins of companies and professional associations, reports produced by experts, and empirical analyses. All documents are useful to reconstruct later the identity of a particular corporation, the features of a particular event, or the overall history of business. Those of us who work in this profession will thus be empowered to project its strategy into the future, because we thoroughly understand its past. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cannie, J. K., and Caplin, D. (1991) Keeping Customers for Life. American Management Association, New York. Hayes, R. H., Wheelright, S.C. and Clarke, K. (1988) Dynamic Manufacturing. The Free Press, New York. Pearce, Robert. (2006). Globalization and Development: an International Business Strategy Approach. Transnational Corporations. Volume 15, Number 1, pp. 39-74. Rosenberg, L. J. and Cziepiel, J. A. (1984) A Marketing Approach to Customer Retention, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 1, Spring, pp.45-51. Sahi, A. K. Learning from Evolution. Unpublished Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Shimizu, T., Carvalho, M.M. and Laurindo F.J.B. (2006). Strategic Alignment Process and Decision Support Systems: Theory and Case Studies. Idea Group Inc. pp. 1-13. Spekman, R. E. (1988) Strategic Supplier Selection: Understanding Long-Term Buyer Relationships, Business Horizons, (July/August), pp. 75-81.